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For teachers

Every generator keeps its settings in the page’s address. Change a setting and the address changes with it, so the address always opens the figure you see. Copy it with the Share link button above the figure (or from the address bar) and anyone who opens it, whether a colleague, your students or you next year, gets the same figure, ready to download as a PNG or SVG, copy or print.

For example, this link opens a 50 mL buret reading 23.47 mL, with a magnifier and the answer key.

Nothing is saved on our servers: the link itself holds the settings.

Building a link

For developers, and for AI assistants writing a link for a teacher:

  • A link is a generator’s address, then ?, then its parameters joined by &: https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading?instrument=buret&reading=23.47
  • Give only what differs from the defaults. Anything left out takes its default.
  • A value the page doesn’t understand is ignored, and numbers are kept in range and rounded to what the instrument can show, so a link always opens a figure.
  • On/off parameters are 1 or 0. Choices are the exact lowercase words listed below.
  • Encode values as in any URL: a space as + or %20, a plus sign as %2B, and JSON values percent-encoded.
  • The same reference as plain text: /llms.txt (a summary) and /llms-full.txt (every parameter).

Volume Reading

Open Volume Reading →

https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-reading

Pick the instrument with instrument (and its size with size or beaker), and the volume it shows with reading, in mL. The reading is rounded to one digit past the smallest mark and kept on the scale.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • size applies only to the graduated cylinder and beaker only to the beaker; a buret is always 50 mL and reads from 0 at the top.
  • reading is rounded and clamped to the chosen instrument, with its standard marks: cylinder 10: 0–10 mL to 2 decimal places; cylinder 25: 0–25 mL to 2 decimal places; cylinder 50: 0–50 mL to 1 decimal place; cylinder 100: 0–100 mL to 1 decimal place; cylinder 250: 10–250 mL to 1 decimal place; cylinder 1000: 0–1000 mL to whole mL; buret: 0–50 mL to 2 decimal places; beaker small: 0–50 mL to whole mL; beaker medium: 0–250 mL to whole mL; beaker large: 0–600 mL to whole mL.
  • marks and numbers take only the spacings the chosen instrument offers, in mL; any other is its standard one, and so are numbers that don’t land on a mark or leave more than 20 marks between numbers: cylinder 10: marks 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 (standard 0.1), numbers 1, 2, 5 (standard 1); cylinder 25: marks 0.2, 0.5, 1 (standard 0.5), numbers 1, 5 (standard 5); cylinder 50: marks 0.5, 1, 2 (standard 1), numbers 5, 10 (standard 10); cylinder 100: marks 0.5, 1, 2, 5 (standard 1), numbers 5, 10, 20 (standard 10); cylinder 250: marks 1, 2, 5 (standard 2), numbers 10, 20 (standard 20); cylinder 1000: marks 5, 10, 20, 50 (standard 10), numbers 50, 100, 200 (standard 100); buret: marks 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 (standard 0.1), numbers 1, 2, 5 (standard 1); beaker small: marks 5, 10 (standard 10), numbers 10, 25 (standard 10); beaker medium: marks 10, 25, 50 (standard 25), numbers 25, 50 (standard 50); beaker large: marks 25, 50, 100 (standard 50), numbers 100, 200 (standard 100).
  • Finer or coarser marks change how far the reading goes. cm³ is the same size as mL, so unit never changes the reading.
  • The magnifier is set with view for a cylinder or buret and with beakerView for a beaker (off by default, since beaker marks are coarse).

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
instrumentThe volume instrument drawn. cylinder, buret, beaker. cylinder: graduated cylinder; buret: 50 mL buret; beaker: beakercylinder
sizeThe graduated cylinder’s capacity in mL. Used when instrument=cylinder.10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 1000100
beakerThe beaker’s size. Used when instrument=beaker.small, medium, large. small 50 mL, medium 250 mL, large 600 mLmedium
marksThe mL between the smallest marks on the scale. standard, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100. standard: the instrument’s usual marks; the others only where the instrument offers them (see notes)standard
numbersThe mL between numbered marks. standard, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, none. standard: the instrument’s usual numbers; none: the usual numbered marks drawn longer but without numbers, for students to work out; the others only where the instrument offers them (see notes)standard
unitThe unit printed on the instrument and in the answer key. mL, cm3. mL; cm3: cm³mL
readingThe volume the liquid shows, in mL (or cm³), read at the bottom of the meniscus. 0 to 1000. Rounded and kept within the instrument’s scale (see notes)43.6
guideDraws a dotted line from the bottom of the meniscus across to the marks. Used when instrument is cylinder or buret.1 (on) or 0 (off)0
viewWhat the figure shows for a cylinder or buret. Used when instrument is cylinder or buret.both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument aloneboth
beakerViewWhat the figure shows for a beaker. Used when instrument=beaker.both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument alonewhole
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both or view=magnifier.1 to 63
tintThe liquid’s color. Gray photocopies best. gray, blue, red, greengray
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Reading: 43.6 mL”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Volume by Displacement

Open Volume by Displacement →

https://chemistryfigures.com/volume-by-displacement

Two graduated cylinders side by side: before, with water at the before reading, and after, with the object in and water at the after reading. The object’s volume is after minus before.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • before and after are in mL, rounded to the cylinder’s estimated digit (10 mL to 2 decimal places, 25 mL to 2 decimal places, 50 mL to 1 decimal place, 100 mL to 1 decimal place, with its standard marks), and kept within its capacity.
  • marks and numbers take only the spacings the chosen cylinder offers, in mL; any other is its standard one, and so are numbers that don’t land on a mark or leave more than 20 marks between numbers: 10: marks 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 (standard 0.1), numbers 1, 2, 5 (standard 1); 25: marks 0.2, 0.5, 1 (standard 0.5), numbers 1, 5 (standard 5); 50: marks 0.5, 1, 2 (standard 1), numbers 5, 10 (standard 10); 100: marks 0.5, 1, 2, 5 (standard 1), numbers 5, 10, 20 (standard 10).
  • cm³ is the same size as mL, so unit never changes a reading.
  • after is always higher than before: an after reading that isn’t is raised to one step above before.
  • marbles sets how many marbles only when object=marbles.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
sizeBoth cylinders’ capacity, in mL. 10, 25, 50, 10010
marksThe mL between the smallest marks on both cylinders. standard, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100. standard: the cylinder’s usual marks; the others only where the cylinder offers them (see notes)standard
numbersThe mL between numbered marks. standard, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, none. standard: the cylinder’s usual numbers; none: the usual numbered marks drawn longer but without numbers, for students to work out; the others only where the cylinder offers them (see notes)standard
unitThe unit printed on the cylinders and in the answer key. mL, cm3. mL; cm3: cm³mL
beforeThe water level before the object goes in, in mL (or cm³). 0 to 1004
afterThe water level with the object in, in mL (or cm³). 0 to 100. Always above before6
guideDraws a dotted line from the bottom of each meniscus across to the marks. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
tintThe water’s color. Gray photocopies best. gray, blue, red, greengray
objectThe object dropped into the second cylinder. marbles, rock, cube, cylinder. marbles: marbles; rock: rock; cube: cube; cylinder: metal cylindermarbles
marblesHow many marbles. Rounded to a whole number. Used when object=marbles.1 to 52
viewWhether a magnified circle of the scale is drawn beside each cylinder. whole, both. whole: cylinders only; both: cylinders and magnifierswhole
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both.1 to 63
beforeCaptionThe caption under the first cylinder. up to 40 charactersBefore
afterCaptionThe caption under the second cylinder. up to 40 charactersAfter
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Before: 4.00 mL · After: 6.00 mL · Object: 2.00 mL”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Gas Syringe

Open Gas Syringe →

https://chemistryfigures.com/gas-syringe

A glass gas syringe lying on its side, marked every 1 and numbered every 10 from 0 at the nozzle, with the plunger pushed out to the volume of gas in reading. It can be drawn alone or collecting gas from a conical flask on a stand.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • reading is rounded to 1 decimal place and kept between 0 and the syringe’s size (50 or 100).
  • unit only changes what the scale is labeled: 1 cm³ = 1 mL, so it never changes the reading.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
sizeThe syringe’s capacity (50 or 100 cm³). Both are drawn the same length; the 50 is thinner. 50, 100100
unitThe unit printed on the scale and in the answer key. cm3, mL. cm3: cm³; mL: mLcm3
readingThe volume of gas collected, read at the plunger’s face. 0 to 100. Rounded to 1 decimal place, 0 up to size43.6
setupWhether the syringe is drawn alone or set up to collect gas. syringe, setup. syringe: syringe only; setup: with a conical flask, delivery tube and standsetup
viewWhat the figure shows. The magnifier sits above the syringe. both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument aloneboth
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both or view=magnifier.1 to 62
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Volume of gas: 43.6 cm³”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Length Reading

Open Length Reading →

https://chemistryfigures.com/length-reading

A ruler, a caliper or a micrometer, picked by instrument. On a metric (cm) or imperial (inch) ruler an object lies along its top edge: length is the object’s length and start is where its left end sits, both in the ruler’s unit; start=0 lines it up with the 0 mark. A caliper or micrometer holds an object in its jaws at the reading caliper or micrometer, in mm.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • The ruler parameters (system to span) apply only when instrument=ruler; leastCount, caliper and caliperZero only when instrument=caliper; micrometerRead, micrometer and micrometerZero only when instrument=micrometer; closed, jaws, jawsLabel, printed and closeUp to both the caliper and the micrometer.
  • caliper is rounded to its leastCount (0.1, 0.05 or 0.02 mm) and kept from 0 to 150 mm; micrometer is rounded to 0.001 mm with micrometerRead=estimate (one digit past the thimble’s marks) or 0.01 mm with micrometerRead=mark, and kept from 0 to 25 mm. A zero error (caliperZero up to ±0.5 mm, micrometerZero up to ±0.05 mm) is rounded the same way, and the reading is never below it. The jaws are the reading minus the zero error apart, and the answer key gives the reading, the zero error and the corrected reading.
  • cm, metricMarks and read apply only when system=metric; inches and imperialMarks only when system=imperial.
  • 5 cm and 10 cm marks (metricMarks=five or ten) are only for the 50 and 100 cm rulers; on a shorter ruler they become 1 cm marks.
  • length and start are rounded to what the ruler reads: with read=estimate, one digit past the smallest mark (1 mm marks to 0.01 cm; 1 cm and 0.5 cm marks to 0.1 cm; 5 and 10 cm marks to 1 cm); with read=mark, to the nearest mark. Imperial lengths always land on a mark: write them as decimals (3.375 for 3 3/8 in).
  • length is at least 0.5 cm (or 0.25 in, or one reading step if bigger) and start is kept so the object stays on the ruler.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
systemWhich kind of ruler. metric, imperial. metric: centimeters; imperial: inchesmetric
cmThe metric ruler’s length in cm (100 is a meter stick). Used when system=metric.15, 20, 30, 50, 10015
inchesThe imperial ruler’s length in inches. Used when system=imperial.6, 8, 12, 206
metricMarksThe metric ruler’s smallest marks. Used when system=metric.ten, five, cm, half, mm. ten: 10 cm; five: 5 cm; cm: 1 cm; half: 0.5 cm; mm: 1 mmmm
imperialMarksMarks per inch on the imperial ruler (16 is sixteenths). Used when system=imperial.1, 2, 4, 8, 168
readHow far a metric reading goes. Used when system=metric.estimate, mark. estimate: one estimated digit; mark: nearest markestimate
objectThe object lying along the ruler. marbles, rock, cube, cylinder. marbles: marbles; rock: rock; cube: cube; cylinder: metal cylindercylinder
marblesHow many marbles, in a row. Rounded to a whole number. Used when object=marbles.1 to 53
guidesDashed lines from the object’s ends down to the ruler, for round objects whose ends are above where they touch it. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
lengthThe object’s length, in cm or inches. 0 to 100. Rounded to what the ruler reads (see notes)4.37
startWhere the object’s left end sits on the ruler, in cm or inches; 0 lines it up with the 0 mark. 0 to 1000
viewWhether magnified circles are drawn at the object’s ends: one on its right end, and one on its left end when that isn’t at 0. both, whole. both: ruler and magnifiers; whole: ruler onlyboth
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when view=both.1 to 63
instrumentWhat the length is read from. ruler, caliper, micrometer. ruler: ruler; caliper: caliper; micrometer: micrometerruler
leastCountThe caliper’s least count in mm: its sliding scale has 10 divisions over 9 mm (0.1), 20 over 39 mm (0.05) or 50 over 49 mm (0.02). Used when instrument=caliper.0.1, 0.05, 0.020.05
caliperThe caliper’s reading in mm: where the zero of its sliding scale sits on the main scale. Used when instrument=caliper.0 to 15023.45
caliperZeroWhat the caliper reads with its jaws closed, in mm; 0 for no zero error. Used when instrument=caliper.-0.5 to 0.50
micrometerThe micrometer’s reading in mm: the sleeve to the half mm plus the thimble in 0.01 mm, and an estimated 0.001 mm with micrometerRead=estimate. Used when instrument=micrometer.0 to 257.38
micrometerReadHow far the micrometer is read: one estimated digit past the thimble’s marks, to 0.001 mm (estimate), or to the nearest mark, 0.01 mm (mark). Used when instrument=micrometer.estimate, markestimate
micrometerZeroWhat the micrometer reads closed, in mm; 0 for no zero error. Used when instrument=micrometer.-0.05 to 0.050
closedWith a zero error, also draws the instrument closed above the measuring one, with its own close-up. Used when instrument=caliper or micrometer.1 (on) or 0 (off)1
jawsWhat the caliper’s or micrometer’s jaws hold, drawn as wide as the reading less the zero error. Used when instrument=caliper or micrometer.none, block, cylinder, ball, wire. none: nothing; block: block; cylinder: cylinder; ball: ball; wire: wireblock
jawsLabelA short label by the object in the jaws. Used when instrument=caliper or micrometer, and jaws is not none.up to 12 characters(empty)
printedPrints the least count on the caliper’s slider or the micrometer’s frame, as on real ones. Used when instrument=caliper or micrometer.1 (on) or 0 (off)1
closeUpWhether close-ups of the scales are drawn: on a caliper a strip of the main and sliding scales; on a micrometer a magnified circle of the sleeve and thimble. Used when instrument=caliper or micrometer.both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument and its close-up; magnifier: the close-up alone; whole: the instrument aloneboth
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Length: 4.37 cm”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Mass Reading

Open Mass Reading →

https://chemistryfigures.com/mass-reading

A triple beam balance (610 g, read to 2 decimal places from its three riders) or a digital balance whose display shows mass in grams.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • mass is in grams, rounded to the balance’s decimal places and kept between 0 and its capacity: triple beam 610 g to 2 places; digital 1 place: up to 1000 g; 2 places: up to 400 g; 3 places: up to 200 g, an analytical balance in a draft shield; 4 places: up to 200 g, an analytical balance in a draft shield.
  • decimals and pan apply only to the digital balance; view and span only to the triple beam balance.
  • An object other than none sits on either balance’s pan, in place of the digital balance’s pan contents.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
instrumentWhich balance. triple-beam, digital. triple-beam: triple beam balance; digital: digital balancetriple-beam
decimalsHow many decimal places of grams the digital display shows. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=digital.1 to 42
panWhat the digital balance’s pan holds. Used when instrument=digital and object=none.boat, beaker, empty. boat: a weigh boat; beaker: a beaker; empty: nothingboat
objectAn object on the pan, drawn as in Volume by Displacement. none, marbles, rock, cube, cylinder. none: no object; marbles: marbles; rock: rock; cube: cube; cylinder: metal cylindernone
marblesHow many marbles. Rounded to a whole number. Used when object=marbles.1 to 52
massThe mass shown, in grams. 0 to 1000. Rounded and kept within the balance’s capacity (see notes)24.73
viewWhat a triple beam figure shows. Used when instrument=triple-beam.both, whole, beams. both: the balance with a magnifier on the 0–10 g beam’s rider; whole: the balance alone; beams: just the beams and ridersboth
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=triple-beam and view=both.1 to 63
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Mass: 24.73 g”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Temperature Reading

Open Temperature Reading →

https://chemistryfigures.com/temperature-reading

A liquid-in-glass thermometer (read at the top of its liquid column, with an optional magnifier) or a digital probe thermometer standing in a beaker, showing reading in the chosen unit.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • reading is in the unit set by unit: unit=kelvin&reading=300 is 300 K. Give reading whenever you change unit, since the default 23.4 is outside the Kelvin glass scale and would be clamped to its bottom.
  • On the glass thermometer reading is rounded to 1 decimal place and kept on the scale: -10 to 110 °C marked every 1, 260 to 390 K marked every 1, 10 to 230 °F marked every 2.
  • On the digital thermometer reading is rounded to decimals places and kept within -50 to 150 °C, 223 to 423 K, -58 to 302 °F.
  • decimals applies only to the digital thermometer; tint, view and span only to the glass one.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
instrumentWhich thermometer. glass, digital. glass: liquid-in-glass thermometer; digital: digital probe thermometerglass
unitThe temperature scale the thermometer reads in. celsius, kelvin, fahrenheit. celsius: °C; kelvin: K; fahrenheit: °Fcelsius
decimalsDecimal places on the digital display. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=digital.0 to 21
readingThe temperature shown, in the chosen unit. -100 to 500. Rounded and kept within the thermometer’s range (see notes)23.4
tintThe glass thermometer’s liquid color (red like alcohol, gray like mercury). Used when instrument=glass.red, blue, grayred
viewWhat a glass thermometer figure shows. Used when instrument=glass.both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument aloneboth
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=glass and view is both or magnifier.1 to 63
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Temperature: 23.4 °C”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

pH Reading

Open pH Reading →

https://chemistryfigures.com/ph-reading

A pH meter wired to an electrode in a beaker, digital or analog (a needle over a 0–14 dial), or a strip of universal indicator paper above its color chart, showing the pH in reading.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • reading is kept between 0 and 14 and rounded to what the instrument reads: the digital meter to decimals places, the analog meter to 2 places (marks every 0.2), and pH paper to the whole number whose color it matches.
  • decimals applies only to the digital meter; view and span only to the analog meter.
  • pH paper only works printed in color.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
instrumentWhich instrument. digital, analog, paper. digital: digital pH meter; analog: analog pH meter; paper: pH paper and color chartdigital
decimalsDecimal places on the digital display. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=digital.1 to 22
readingThe pH shown. 0 to 14. Rounded to what the instrument reads (see notes)4.62
viewWhat an analog meter figure shows. Used when instrument=analog.both, magnifier, whole. both: the instrument with a magnified circle of its scale beside it; magnifier: the magnified circle alone; whole: the instrument aloneboth
spanHow many numbered marks the magnified circle spans; fewer marks means a bigger zoom. Rounded to a whole number. Used when instrument=analog and view is both or magnifier.1 to 63
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “pH: 4.62”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Titration Curve

Open Titration Curve →

https://chemistryfigures.com/titration-curve

A graph of pH (up the side) against the volume of titrant added in mL (along the bottom) for one monoprotic acid titrated with NaOH or base titrated with HCl. The curve is worked out either from concentrations (source=chemistry) or from key points (source=points).

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • With source=chemistry (the default) the curve comes from analyteM, analyteMl, titrantM and pKa (weak acid) or pKb (weak base); the pH at each volume is solved exactly. startPH, eqMl, eqPH and endPH are ignored.
  • With source=points the curve is a real titration curve bent to pass through startPH, the equivalence point (eqMl, eqPH) and endPH, which is the pH at the end of the x-axis. The concentrations are ignored.
  • The defaults are 25.0 mL of 0.100 M acetic acid (pKa 4.76) titrated with 0.100 M NaOH. The page’s common titrations are all 25.0 mL of 0.100 M with 0.100 M: HCl with NaOH: analyte=strong-acid; CH₃COOH (acetic acid) with NaOH: analyte=weak-acid, pKa=4.76; HCOOH (formic acid) with NaOH: analyte=weak-acid, pKa=3.75; HF with NaOH: analyte=weak-acid, pKa=3.17; NaOH with HCl: analyte=strong-base; NH₃ (ammonia) with HCl: analyte=weak-base, pKb=4.75.
  • The x-axis title is not changed by the link: for a base (analyte=strong-base or weak-base) also set xTitle, e.g. “Volume of HCl added (mL)”.
  • The half-equivalence point (halfMark and its label) is drawn only for a weak acid or weak base.
  • Axis ranges are text holding plain numbers. From xFrom to xTo counting by xStep makes the gridlines, at most 50 blocks per axis; an axis whose range can’t be used falls back to 0 to 15 by 1.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
sourceWhat the curve is worked out from. chemistry, points. chemistry: concentrations; points: key pointschemistry
analyteWhat is in the flask. An acid is titrated with NaOH, a base with HCl. strong-acid, weak-acid, strong-base, weak-base. strong-acid: strong acid with a strong base; weak-acid: weak acid with a strong base; strong-base: strong base with a strong acid; weak-base: weak base with a strong acidweak-acid
analyteMThe acid or base’s molarity, in M. Used when source=chemistry.0.0001 to 100.1
analyteMlThe volume of acid or base in the flask, in mL. Used when source=chemistry.0.1 to 100025
titrantMThe NaOH or HCl molarity, in M. Used when source=chemistry.0.0001 to 100.1
pKaThe weak acid’s pKa. Used when source=chemistry and analyte=weak-acid.0 to 144.76
pKbThe weak base’s pKb. Used when source=chemistry and analyte=weak-base.0 to 144.75
startPHThe pH before any titrant is added. Used when source=points.0 to 142.88
eqMlThe volume of titrant at the equivalence point, in mL. Used when source=points.0.01 to 100025
eqPHThe pH at the equivalence point. Used when source=points.0 to 148.73
endPHThe pH at the end of the x-axis. Used when source=points.0 to 1412.52
eqMarkHow the equivalence point is marked. guides, dot, none. guides: dot and lines to the axes; dot: dot; none: not markedguides
eqLabelModeThe equivalence point’s label. Used when eqMark is not none.text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
eqLabelThe equivalence point label’s words. Used when eqLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersEquivalence point
halfMarkHow the half-equivalence point is marked. Used when analyte is weak-acid or weak-base.guides, dot, none. guides: dot and lines to the axes; dot: dot; none: not markednone
halfLabelModeThe half-equivalence point’s label. Used when halfMark is not none.text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
halfLabelThe half-equivalence point label’s words. Used when halfLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersHalf-equivalence point
colorThe curve’s color. black, blue, red, green, orange, purpleblue
xFromThe x-axis’s start, in mL, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters0
xToThe x-axis’s end, in mL; the curve runs to here, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters50
xStepThe x-axis’s gridline spacing, in mL, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters2
yFromThe y-axis’s start, in pH, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters0
yToThe y-axis’s end, in pH, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters14
yStepThe y-axis’s gridline spacing, in pH, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters1
xEveryNumber every nth x gridline; 0 leaves the x-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 05
yEveryNumber every nth y gridline; 0 leaves the y-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 02
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
titleModeThe chart title across the top. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingnone
xTitleThe x-axis title’s words. Used when xTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersVolume of NaOH added (mL)
xTitleModeThe x-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
yTitleThe y-axis title’s words. Used when yTitleMode=text.up to 120 characterspH
yTitleModeThe y-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
xLabelThe letter at the end of the x-axis. Used when xLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersx
xLabelModeWhether the x-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
yLabelThe letter at the end of the y-axis. Used when yLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersy
yLabelModeWhether the y-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
xStartCapHow the x-axis’s left end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
xEndCapHow the x-axis’s right end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yStartCapHow the y-axis’s bottom end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yEndCapHow the y-axis’s top end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
minorMinor gridlines: how many parts each grid block is split into; 0 for none. 0, 2, 4, 50
labelSizeHow big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. small, medium, largemedium

Heating and Cooling Curve

Open Heating and Cooling Curve →

https://chemistryfigures.com/heating-cooling-curve

A graph of a substance’s temperature in °C (up the side) as it is heated or cooled steadily, against the time or the heat added or removed (along the bottom). Each phase warms or cools in a sloped segment and each phase change is a flat plateau. The substance is a setup or custom (substance=custom, with mp and bp). Segment lengths are either typed for a schematic curve (source=lengths) or worked out to scale from the substance’s properties (source=properties).

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • The curve runs from startT to endT and has only the segments those pass through: solid, melting, liquid, boiling and gas when heating, in the opposite order when cooling. A heating curve must end hotter than it starts, a cooling curve colder, and bp must be above mp, or nothing is drawn.
  • A setup (any substance but custom) brings its own melting and boiling points and properties; mp, bp, cSolid, cLiquid, cGas, fusH, vapH and molarMass are then ignored. The link doesn’t move startT and endT to suit the substance: set them too.
  • With source=lengths (the default) each segment is as long along the x-axis as solidW, meltW, liquidW, boilW and gasW say, whatever the substance.
  • With source=properties each sloped segment takes q = m·c·ΔT and each plateau q = n·ΔH, from the substance’s specific heats, enthalpies and molar mass and the sample’s mass, so the curve is to scale. With xQuantity=time the heat is turned into minutes at rate kJ per minute; with xQuantity=heat the x-axis is the heat in kJ.
  • The defaults are water heated from −20 to 120 °C, its melting and boiling points written by the temperature axis and its corners not lettered; to scale, 100 g heated at 10 kJ per minute.
  • The x-axis title is not changed by the link: with xQuantity=heat also set xTitle, e.g. “Heat added (kJ)”. The axes are not fitted to the curve either: set xTo and the y range so the whole curve is on the grid.
  • Axis ranges are text holding plain numbers. From xFrom to xTo counting by xStep makes the gridlines, at most 50 blocks per axis.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
directionWhether the substance is heated or cooled. heating, coolingheating
substanceThe substance heated or cooled. water, ethanol, acetone, mercury, sodium-chloride, x, custom. water: water (mp 0 °C, bp 100 °C); ethanol: ethanol (mp -114.1 °C, bp 78.3 °C); acetone: acetone (mp -94.7 °C, bp 56.1 °C); mercury: mercury (mp -38.8 °C, bp 356.7 °C); sodium-chloride: sodium chloride (mp 801 °C, bp 1465 °C); x: substance x (mp 40 °C, bp 120 °C); custom: the melting and boiling points mp and bpwater
sourceWhat the segment lengths come from. properties, lengths. properties: worked out to scale from the substance’s properties; lengths: typed, for a schematic curvelengths
xQuantityWhat runs along the x-axis. time, heat. time: minutes, at a steady rate; heat: the heat added or removed, in kJtime
startTThe temperature the curve starts at, in °C. -273.15 to 5000-20
endTThe temperature the curve ends at, in °C. -273.15 to 5000120
massThe sample’s mass, in g. Used when source=properties.0.001 to 100000100
rateThe heat added or removed each minute, in kJ. Used when source=properties and xQuantity=time.0.001 to 10000010
mpThe melting (and freezing) point, in °C. Used when substance=custom.-273.15 to 50000
bpThe boiling (and condensation) point, in °C. Used when substance=custom.-273.15 to 5000100
cSolidThe solid’s specific heat, in J/(g·°C). Used when substance=custom and source=properties.0.001 to 1002.09
cLiquidThe liquid’s specific heat, in J/(g·°C). Used when substance=custom and source=properties.0.001 to 1004.18
cGasThe gas’s specific heat, in J/(g·°C). Used when substance=custom and source=properties.0.001 to 1001.86
fusHThe enthalpy of fusion, in kJ/mol. Used when substance=custom and source=properties.0.001 to 10006.01
vapHThe enthalpy of vaporization, in kJ/mol. Used when substance=custom and source=properties.0.001 to 100040.67
molarMassThe molar mass, in g/mol, for the plateaus’ moles. Used when substance=custom and source=properties.0.001 to 200018.02
solidWHow long the solid segment is along the x-axis. Used when source=lengths, and the curve passes through this segment.0 to 1000002
meltWHow long the melting (freezing) plateau is along the x-axis. Used when source=lengths, and the curve passes through this segment.0 to 1000003
liquidWHow long the liquid segment is along the x-axis. Used when source=lengths, and the curve passes through this segment.0 to 1000005
boilWHow long the boiling (condensing) plateau is along the x-axis. Used when source=lengths, and the curve passes through this segment.0 to 1000008
gasWHow long the gas segment is along the x-axis. Used when source=lengths, and the curve passes through this segment.0 to 1000002
supercoolWhether the liquid cools past its freezing point before it freezes, then warms back up to it. Used when direction=cooling and the curve freezes.1 (on) or 0 (off)0
supercoolByHow far below the freezing point the liquid cools, in °C. Used when supercool=1.0.1 to 10005
lettersWhether the start of the curve and the end of each segment are lettered A, B, C… 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
segmentLabelsWhat each segment is labeled with. states, blank, none. states: its state; blank: a blank line for students; none: nothingstates
plateauLabelsWhat a plateau is labeled with. Used when segmentLabels=states.states, change. states: both states (Solid + liquid); change: the change (Melting, Boiling, Freezing, Condensing)change
guidesWhether dashed lines run from each plateau across to the temperature axis. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
pointLabelsWhat is written by the temperature axis just above each plateau’s dashed line. values, names, blank, none. values: the temperature (78.3 °C); names: m.p. and b.p. (f.p. and b.p. when cooling); blank: a blank line for students; none: nothingvalues
colorThe curve’s color. black, blue, red, green, orange, purplered
xFromThe x-axis’s start, in minutes or kJ, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters0
xToThe x-axis’s end, in minutes or kJ, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters20
xStepThe x-axis’s gridline spacing, in minutes or kJ, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters1
yFromThe y-axis’s start, in °C, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters-20
yToThe y-axis’s end, in °C, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters120
yStepThe y-axis’s gridline spacing, in °C, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters10
xEveryNumber every nth x gridline; 0 leaves the x-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 02
yEveryNumber every nth y gridline; 0 leaves the y-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 02
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
titleModeThe chart title across the top. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingnone
xTitleThe x-axis title’s words. Used when xTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersTime (min)
xTitleModeThe x-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
yTitleThe y-axis title’s words. Used when yTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersTemperature (°C)
yTitleModeThe y-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
xLabelThe letter at the end of the x-axis. Used when xLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersx
xLabelModeWhether the x-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
yLabelThe letter at the end of the y-axis. Used when yLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersy
yLabelModeWhether the y-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
xStartCapHow the x-axis’s left end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
xEndCapHow the x-axis’s right end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yStartCapHow the y-axis’s bottom end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yEndCapHow the y-axis’s top end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
minorMinor gridlines: how many parts each grid block is split into; 0 for none. 0, 2, 4, 50
labelSizeHow big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. small, medium, largemedium

Potential Energy Diagram

Open Potential Energy Diagram →

https://chemistryfigures.com/potential-energy-diagram

A reaction energy profile: the potential energy (up the side) against the reaction coordinate (along the bottom, never numbered), as a smooth curve through the energies in levels, flat at the reactants, over each transition state and down to the products. A catalysed path with a lower transition state can be added, dashed, with a key. style=levels draws a level diagram instead: the reactants and products as lines with ΔH between them.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • levels is 3, 5 or 7 energies joined by underscores, in order along the reaction: reactants, transition state, products for one step (levels=50_150_20); reactants, transition state 1, intermediate, transition state 2, products for two (levels=40_120_70_100_10); and so on for three. Each is −100000 to 100000, in the unit chosen. Only energies are stored: Eₐ and ΔH are worked out from them.
  • ΔH = products − reactants. Each step’s Eₐ runs from the level before it up to its transition state, and its reverse Eₐ from the level after it. Each transition state must be above the levels either side of it and each intermediate below the transition states either side; otherwise the page says so, and an arrow that would point the wrong way isn’t drawn.
  • With catalyst=1 the catalysed path has the same reactants and products and one transition state, catTs, which must be above both and below the highest uncatalysed transition state. Its key names the paths uncatName (solid) and catName (dashed).
  • The Eₐ arrows run up from the level before each transition state to its peak, the ΔH arrow from the reactants to the products, the reverse Eₐ arrow (of the last step) from the products up to its transition state. Dashed lines carry each level across to its arrow unless guides=0.
  • Arrows labeled with mark are lettered A, B, C… (or numbered) in the order Eₐ of each step, catalysed Eₐ, ΔH, reverse Eₐ, counting only those marked.
  • With axes=numbered (the default) the energy axis runs from yFrom to yTo counting by yStep; it isn’t fitted to the levels by the link, so set the range to cover them. axes=shape fits it and leaves off the numbers and gridlines.
  • The y-axis title isn’t changed by the link: with unit=kj, say, also set yTitle, e.g. “Potential energy (kJ)”.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
styleWhat is drawn. curve, levels. curve: the energy profile, a curve through every level; levels: a level diagram, the reactants and products as lines with ΔH between themcurve
levelsThe energies of the levels, in order along the reaction. 3, 5 or 7 numbers joined by underscores, e.g. 50_150_2050_150_20
catalystAdds a catalysed path, dashed, with a lower transition state. Used when style=curve.1 (on) or 0 (off)0
catTsThe catalysed transition state’s energy. Used when catalyst=1.-100000 to 100000100
uncatNameThe key’s name for the uncatalysed (solid) path; empty for “Uncatalysed”. Used when catalyst=1.up to 40 charactersUncatalysed
catNameThe key’s name for the catalysed (dashed) path; empty for “Catalysed”. It is also written in the catalysed Eₐ label: “Eₐ (catalysed)”. Used when catalyst=1.up to 40 charactersCatalysed
unitThe energy unit, written in the arrows’ values and the answer key. kj-per-mol, kj-mol-1, kj. kj-per-mol: kJ/mol; kj-mol-1: kJ mol⁻¹; kj: kJkj-per-mol
eaArrowDraws each step’s forward Eₐ arrow. Used when style=curve.1 (on) or 0 (off)1
eaLabelHow each Eₐ arrow is labeled. Used when eaArrow=1.symbol, value, mark, blank, none. symbol: Eₐ or ΔH; value: the symbol and its value, e.g. “ΔH = −30 kJ/mol”; mark: a letter or number (see marks) for “which arrow shows…?” questions; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labelsymbol
catEaArrowDraws the catalysed path’s Eₐ arrow. Used when catalyst=1.1 (on) or 0 (off)1
catEaLabelHow the catalysed Eₐ arrow is labeled. Used when catEaArrow=1.symbol, value, mark, blank, none. symbol: Eₐ or ΔH; value: the symbol and its value, e.g. “ΔH = −30 kJ/mol”; mark: a letter or number (see marks) for “which arrow shows…?” questions; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labelsymbol
dhArrowDraws the ΔH arrow, from the reactants to the products. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
dhLabelHow the ΔH arrow is labeled. Used when dhArrow=1.symbol, value, mark, blank, none. symbol: Eₐ or ΔH; value: the symbol and its value, e.g. “ΔH = −30 kJ/mol”; mark: a letter or number (see marks) for “which arrow shows…?” questions; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labelsymbol
revEaArrowDraws the reverse Eₐ arrow, from the products up to the last transition state. Used when style=curve.1 (on) or 0 (off)0
revEaLabelHow the reverse Eₐ arrow is labeled. Used when revEaArrow=1.symbol, value, mark, blank, none. symbol: Eₐ or ΔH; value: the symbol and its value, e.g. “ΔH = −30 kJ/mol”; mark: a letter or number (see marks) for “which arrow shows…?” questions; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labelsymbol
bothHeadsPuts an arrowhead at both ends of each arrow, not just the end it points to. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
marksHow arrows labeled with mark are marked. letters, numbers. letters: A, B, C…; numbers: 1, 2, 3…letters
guidesDraws dashed lines carrying each level across to its arrows. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
reactantsLabelThe reactants label’s words; empty for “Reactants”. Subscripts and superscripts are typed as in Particle Diagram’s key: N_2 + 3H_2, SO_4^{2-}. Used when the label’s mode is text.up to 40 characters(empty)
reactantsLabelModeHow the reactants are labeled. text, blank, none. text: the words in its text parameter, or this page’s word when that is empty; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labeltext
productsLabelThe products label’s words; empty for “Products”. Subscripts and superscripts are typed as in Particle Diagram’s key: N_2 + 3H_2, SO_4^{2-}. Used when the label’s mode is text.up to 40 characters(empty)
productsLabelModeHow the products are labeled. text, blank, none. text: the words in its text parameter, or this page’s word when that is empty; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labeltext
tsLabelThe transition state label’s words; empty for “Transition state”. Subscripts and superscripts are typed as in Particle Diagram’s key: N_2 + 3H_2, SO_4^{2-}. Used when style=curve and the label’s mode is text.up to 40 characters(empty)
tsLabelModeHow the transition state is labeled. Used when style=curve.text, blank, none. text: the words in its text parameter, or this page’s word when that is empty; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labeltext
intLabelThe intermediate label’s words; empty for “Intermediate”. Subscripts and superscripts are typed as in Particle Diagram’s key: N_2 + 3H_2, SO_4^{2-}. Used when style=curve with two or three steps and the label’s mode is text.up to 40 characters(empty)
intLabelModeHow the intermediate is labeled. Used when style=curve with two or three steps.text, blank, none. text: the words in its text parameter, or this page’s word when that is empty; blank: a blank line for students; none: no labeltext
colorThe curve’s color (the level lines’ on a level diagram). black, blue, red, green, orange, purpleblue
catColorThe catalysed path’s color. Used when catalyst=1.black, blue, red, green, orange, purplered
axesWhether the energy axis is numbered. numbered, shape. numbered: numbers and gridlines; shape: no numbers or gridlines, fitted to the levelsnumbered
gridlinesHow the energy axis’s gridlines are drawn. Used when axes=numbered.light, standard, bold, none. light: light gray; standard: dark; bold: for photocopies; none: a tick at each numberlight
yFromThe energy axis’s start, in the unit chosen, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, −50, 2.5). Used when axes=numbered.up to 120 characters0
yToThe energy axis’s end, in the unit chosen, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, −50, 2.5). Used when axes=numbered.up to 120 characters180
yStepThe energy axis’s gridline spacing, in the unit chosen, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, −50, 2.5). Used when axes=numbered.up to 120 characters20
yEveryNumber every nth gridline; 0 leaves the energy axis unnumbered. Used when axes=numbered.1, 2, 5, 10, 01
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
titleModeThe chart title across the top. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingnone
xTitleThe x-axis title’s words. Used when xTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersReaction coordinate
xTitleModeThe x-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
yTitleThe y-axis title’s words. Used when yTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersPotential energy (kJ/mol)
yTitleModeThe y-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
xEndCapHow the reaction coordinate’s right end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yEndCapHow the energy axis’s top end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
minorMinor gridlines: how many parts each grid block is split into; 0 for none. Used when axes=numbered.0, 2, 4, 50
labelSizeHow big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. small, medium, largemedium

Particle Diagram

Open Particle Diagram →

https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram

Atoms, ions and molecules drawn as plain discs, either in a fixed square box as a gas, liquid or solid (layout=scattered, from the particles list and state) or packed in a lattice (layout=lattice, from main and second). An optional key beside the box names each kind.

Example links

  • A reaction before and after: 4 H₂ and 3 O₂ molecules become 4 H₂O molecules with 1 O₂ left over, with one key for both boxes. https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?boxes=two&particles=%5B%7B%22count%22%3A4%2C%22after%22%3A0%2C%22shape%22%3A%22pair%22%2C%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22s%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22outer%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22s%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22H_2+molecule%22%7D%2C%7B%22count%22%3A3%2C%22after%22%3A1%2C%22shape%22%3A%22pair%22%2C%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22m%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22outer%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22m%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22O_2+molecule%22%7D%2C%7B%22count%22%3A0%2C%22after%22%3A4%2C%22shape%22%3A%22bent%22%2C%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22m%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22outer%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22s%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22H_2O+molecule%22%7D%5D&show=both
  • Water molecules with a key that lists each atom, a large gray O atom and a small white H atom, for students to write the formula. https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?particles=%5B%7B%22count%22%3A6%2C%22shape%22%3A%22bent%22%2C%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22l%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22outer%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22s%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%7D%5D&show=both&keyList=atoms&atomNames=%5B%7B%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22l%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22O+atom%22%7D%2C%7B%22look%22%3A%7B%22size%22%3A%22s%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22white%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D%2C%22name%22%3A%22H+atom%22%7D%5D
  • An ionic solid: a 4 × 4 alternating lattice of large − ions and small + ions, with a key naming them Cl⁻ and Na⁺. https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?layout=lattice&columns=4&mainName=Cl%E2%81%BB+ion&secondName=Na%E2%81%BA+ion&show=both
  • An interstitial alloy: a 5 × 6 lattice of gray atoms with 6 tiny black atoms in the gaps, and a key. https://chemistryfigures.com/particle-diagram?layout=lattice&pattern=interstitial&rows=5&columns=6&main=%7B%22size%22%3A%22l%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22gray%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D&second=%7B%22size%22%3A%22xs%22%2C%22shade%22%3A%22black%22%2C%22charge%22%3A%22%22%7D&secondCount=6&mainName=Fe+atom&secondName=C+atom&show=both

How the parameters fit together

  • particles is a URL-encoded JSON array of 1 to 4 particle kinds, each {"count":0–60,"after":0–60,"shape":…,"look":LOOK,"outer":LOOK,"name":"…"}. shape is one of single (alone), pair (pair), bent (bent), line (in a line), triangle (three around), cross (four around); look is the center (or only) disc and outer every disc around it. A look is {"size":…,"shade":…,"charge":…}, where size is xs, s, m, l, xl; shade is white (white), light (light gray), gray (gray), dark (dark gray), black (black); and charge is "" (none, an atom), +, -, 2+, 2-, 3+, 3-. after is how many the after box has when boxes=two (missing, it is the same as count). A missing count is 1, a missing look is medium white with no charge, a missing outer is small white with no charge, and name (up to 40 characters) is what the key calls the kind. A kind with count 0 appears only in the key. Particles that don’t fit in the box are left out.
  • Key names (name, mainName, secondName, atomNames), keyNote and arrowLabel can have subscripts and superscripts: _ before a subscript and ^ before a superscript, with braces around more than one character, so H_2O is H₂O and SO_4^{2-} is SO₄²⁻ (a hyphen in a superscript is drawn as a minus sign).
  • seed picks the random positions (and, in a lattice, which sites get the second kind); the same seed always gives the same figure.
  • In a lattice, pattern=pure uses main only; alternate alternates main and second like an ionic solid; substitute swaps secondCount sites for second (room for rows × columns); interstitial puts secondCount second atoms in the gaps between four (room for (rows − 1) × (columns − 1), e.g. 12 in a 4 × 5 lattice).
  • border applies to the box of particles and latticeBorder to the lattice (none by default).
  • With keyList=atoms the key lists each different atom or ion in the particle kinds once (a molecule’s center before its outer atoms), instead of each kind whole. Their names are atomNames, a URL-encoded JSON array of up to 8 {"look":LOOK,"name":"…"}, each naming the atom drawn with that look; an atom with no name in it is listed without one.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
layoutHow the particles are arranged. scattered, lattice. scattered: in a box, as state says (scattered from when every box was a gas); lattice: packed in a grid, for an ionic solid or alloyscattered
stateHow the particles sit in the box. Used when layout=scattered.gas, liquid, solid. gas: spread out at random, also for a solution; liquid: close together but jumbled, settled at the bottom; solid: in rows from the bottom up, all turned the same waygas
boxesOne box, or a before box and an after box with an arrow between, both the fixed square and sharing one key. Used when layout=scattered.one, two. one: one box; two: before and after, for a reaction or a change of state, each kind drawn count times before and after times afterone
afterStateHow the particles sit in the after box, with the same values as state. Used when boxes=two.gas, liquid, solidgas
arrowLabelShort text over the arrow, e.g. “heat” or “+ energy”, with subscripts and superscripts written as in key names. Empty for none. Used when boxes=two.up to 24 characters(empty)
particlesThe particle kinds in the box, as JSON (see notes). Used when layout=scattered.JSON, URL-encoded[{"count":4,"shape":"single","look":{"size":"l","shade":"light","charge":"-"},"outer":{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":""}},{"count":4,"shape":"single","look":{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":"+"},"outer":{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":""}}]
seedWhich random arrangement is drawn. Rounded to a whole number. 1 to 9999992
borderThe box’s border. Used when layout=scattered.single, double, nonesingle
patternThe lattice’s pattern. Used when layout=lattice.pure, alternate, substitute, interstitial. pure: one kind (a pure metal); alternate: alternating (an ionic solid); substitute: substitutional alloy; interstitial: interstitial alloyalternate
rowsThe lattice’s rows. Rounded to a whole number. Used when layout=lattice.1 to 124
columnsThe lattice’s columns. Rounded to a whole number. Used when layout=lattice.1 to 125
spacingWhether the lattice’s atoms or ions touch or are evenly spaced apart. Used when layout=lattice.touching, spacedtouching
mainThe lattice’s main atom or ion, as JSON: {"size":…,"shade":…,"charge":…}. Used when layout=lattice.JSON, URL-encoded{"size":"l","shade":"light","charge":"-"}
secondThe lattice’s second atom or ion, as JSON like main. Used when layout=lattice and pattern is not pure.JSON, URL-encoded{"size":"s","shade":"white","charge":"+"}
secondCountHow many second atoms a substitutional or interstitial lattice has, up to its room (see notes). Rounded to a whole number. Used when pattern is substitute or interstitial.0 to 1444
mainNameThe key’s name for the lattice’s main kind. Used when layout=lattice.up to 40 characters(empty)
secondNameThe key’s name for the lattice’s second kind. Used when layout=lattice and pattern is not pure.up to 40 characters(empty)
latticeBorderThe border around a lattice. Used when layout=lattice.single, double, nonenone
showWhat the figure shows. box, both, key. box: the box only; both: the box and its key; key: the key only (so separate answer choices can share one key)box
keyNoteA note line at the bottom of the key, e.g. “H₂O molecules are not shown”. Used when show is both or key.up to 80 characters(empty)
keyListWhat the key lists. Used when layout=scattered and show is both or key.particles, atoms. particles: each kind whole; atoms: each different atom once (see notes)particles
atomNamesThe key’s names for each atom, as JSON (see notes). Used when keyList=atoms.JSON, URL-encoded[]
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)

Bohr Model

Open Bohr Model →

https://chemistryfigures.com/bohr-model

One atom or ion: a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons as dots on rings. The link gives the counts themselves (protons, neutrons, and electrons on each shell); there is no element parameter, and nothing is checked, so any counts draw exactly as given.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • electrons lists each shell’s electrons from the nucleus out, joined by hyphens: 2-8-1 is sodium’s. 1 to 7 shells, each 0 to 32.
  • To draw an element, set protons to its atomic number, neutrons to its mass number minus that, and electrons to its shells (the page uses the atomic mass rounded to a whole number; Cl is 17 protons, 18 neutrons, 2-8-7). For an ion, change only electrons: Na⁺ is protons=11&neutrons=12&electrons=2-8.
  • The charge (protons minus electrons) is worked out, never given. brackets draws square brackets and the charge around an ion; a neutral atom is never bracketed.
  • nucleus=balls draws proton and neutron balls only up to 40 of them combined; past that it shows the counts as text.
  • gainedLost shows how the shells differ from the neutral atom’s (gained electrons in gainedColor, lost ones as dashed empty spots) only when protons is an element’s atomic number and emptyRings is off.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
protonsThe number of protons. Rounded to a whole number. 0 to 200. Up to 2006
neutronsThe number of neutrons. Rounded to a whole number. 0 to 200. Up to 2006
nucleusHow the nucleus is drawn. balls, text, blank. balls: proton and neutron balls; text: the counts written in a circle; blank: an empty circle for studentsballs
seedWhich random mix of proton and neutron balls is drawn. Rounded to a whole number. Used when nucleus=balls.1 to 9999991
electronsThe electrons on each shell, innermost first. whole numbers joined by hyphens, e.g. 2-8-1 (1 to 7 shells, each 0 to 32)2-4
placementHow electrons sit on each ring. even, paired. even: spread evenly; paired: the first four singly at top, right, bottom and left, then in pairs, as in Lewis structures (up to 8 per shell; fuller shells are spread evenly)even
emptyRingsDraws the rings without electrons, for students to draw them. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
protonColorThe proton balls’ color. Used when nucleus=balls.red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, blackred
protonSymbolThe symbol written on each proton ball or dot, or none. +, p, p+, (empty). p+ is written p⁺; empty for none+
neutronColorThe neutron balls’ color. Used when nucleus=balls.red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, blackgray
neutronSymbolThe symbol written on each neutron ball or dot, or none. 0, n, n0, (empty). n0 is written n⁰; empty for none(empty)
electronColorThe electron dots’ color. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, blackblue
electronSymbolThe symbol written on each electron ball or dot, or none. -, e, e-, (empty). e- is written e⁻; empty for none. An electron with a symbol is drawn larger(empty)
gainedLostShows gained and lost electrons compared with the neutral atom (see notes). 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
gainedColorThe gained electrons’ color. Used when gainedLost=1.red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, white, blackgreen
bracketsPuts an ion in square brackets with its charge at the top right. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
keyDraws a key beside the model naming each part drawn as a ball or dot. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
shellLabelsWrites n = 1, n = 2… on each ring. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)

Nuclide Notation

Open Nuclide Notation →

https://chemistryfigures.com/nuclide-notation

One nuclide symbol: an element (kind=element), your own symbol (kind=custom) or a nuclear particle (kind=particle), with its mass number at the top left, atomic number at the bottom left and charge at the top right, or written in hyphen notation (carbon-14). Any position can be shown, left blank for students or left out.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • z is the atomic number (protons) and mass the mass number (protons plus neutrons); there are no proton, neutron or electron parameters. For kind=element, z is 1 to 118 and picks the element. mass is never below z (it’s raised to z) and charge is never above z (fewer than 0 electrons). Both are rounded to whole numbers.
  • charge is written as chemists write it: 2+, − or 3−, never +2 or 1+. -8 to 8; 0 draws no charge.
  • kind=particle draws alpha (4 over 2), beta (0 over −1), positron (0 over +1), neutron (1 over 0), proton (1 over 1), gamma (0 over 0), ignoring z, mass, charge and symbol. A particle has no charge position and no hyphen notation.
  • particleSymbol must be one the particle can be written with (alpha: He or alpha; beta and positron: e or beta; proton: p or H); otherwise the particle’s first is used. alpha is written α, beta is written β, gamma is written γ.
  • Hyphen notation shows only the symbol (or name) and mass number, each shown, blank or off as symbolPart and massPart say.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
kindWhat the symbol is. element, custom, particle. element: an element, by z; custom: the symbol given; particle: a nuclear particleelement
zThe atomic number: the number of protons. Used when kind=element or kind=custom.0 to 3006
massThe mass number: protons plus neutrons. Used when kind=element or kind=custom.0 to 300. Up to 30012
chargeThe charge: protons minus electrons. Used when kind=element or kind=custom.-8 to 80
symbolYour own symbol, such as X or ?, up to 3 characters. Used when kind=custom.up to 3 charactersX
particleWhich nuclear particle. Used when kind=particle.alpha, beta, positron, neutron, proton, gamma. beta is a beta-minus particle (an electron); positron is beta-plusalpha
particleSymbolThe symbol the particle is written with. Used when kind=particle.He, alpha, e, beta, n, p, H, gammaHe
massPartHow the mass number is drawn. shown, blank, off. shown: its value; blank: an empty box or line (see blank) for students; off: left outshown
zPartHow the atomic number is drawn. Used when notation=symbol or notation=both.shown, blank, off. shown: its value; blank: an empty box or line (see blank) for students; off: left outshown
symbolPartHow the symbol (and in hyphen notation, the name) is drawn. shown, blank, off. shown: its value; blank: an empty box or line (see blank) for students; off: left outshown
chargePartHow the charge is drawn. Used when notation=symbol or notation=both, and kind is not particle.shown, blank, off. shown: its value; blank: an empty box or line (see blank) for students; off: left outshown
blankHow a blank position is drawn. box, line. box: an empty box; line: a line to write onbox
notationHow the nuclide is written. symbol, hyphen, both. symbol: the symbol with its numbers; hyphen: hyphen notation alone (carbon-14); both: hyphen notation under the symbolsymbol
hyphenNameWhat hyphen notation starts with. Used when kind=element and notation=hyphen or both.name, symbol. name: the element’s name (carbon-14); symbol: its symbol (C-14)name
fontThe font. sans, serif. sans: Arial; serif: Times New Romansans
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key under the figure: what it is (e.g. “Chlorine-37 ion, Cl⁻”), its protons, neutrons and electrons (a particle’s numbers), and the value of each blank. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Lewis Structures

Open Lewis Structures →

https://chemistryfigures.com/lewis-structures

The Lewis structure of one molecule or polyatomic ion, or the Lewis dot diagram of one atom or monatomic ion, from formula. It always starts correct; scaffold turns it into a “complete this” question, and central or changes turn it into a “find the mistake” question.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • formula is a formula such as H2O, CH4, NH4+, SO4 2- or SO4^2- (a charge of 2 or more needs a space, ^ or parentheses before it: SO42- would be 42 oxygens), or pasted with real subscripts (SO₄²⁻). URL-encode it: a space is + or %20 and a plus sign is %2B, so NH4+ is formula=NH4%2B and SO4 2- is formula=SO4+2-.
  • formula can be one atom or monatomic ion, such as N, P, Cl-, N 3- or Ca 2+ (N3- would be three N atoms, azide; Ca2+ two Ca atoms). Its valence electrons are drawn one to a side, then paired; an ion takes the electrons it gains or loses its own and goes in brackets with its charge. It has no bonds, so scaffold=bonds draws as skeleton, and formalCharges is ignored.
  • Molecules with more than one central atom come from a list and can also be given by name: ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4), ethyne (C2H2), methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), acetate (CH3COO-), formic acid (HCOOH), methylamine (CH3NH2), hydrazine (N2H4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrous oxide (N2O), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), nitrous acid (HNO2), nitric acid (HNO3), carbonic acid (H2CO3), hydrogen carbonate (HCO3-), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), perchloric acid (HClO4).
  • When a formula matches more than one listed structure by its atoms, which picks one by id: ethanol, dimethyl-ether.
  • rule decides which correct structure is built where textbooks disagree (SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, ClO₄⁻, SO₂, SO₃): octet gives every atom an octet with formal charges; fewest lets period 3 and lower atoms exceed eight electrons for the fewest formal charges.
  • A figure is either a “complete this” question or a “find the mistake” question: when central or changes change the structure, it is drawn in full as one structure, whatever scaffold and resonance say.
  • answerKey prints, under a scaffolded structure, the full structure, and under a changed one, a list of its mistakes. A correct full structure has no answer key.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
formulaThe molecule or ion, as a formula or a listed name (see notes). up to 40 characters. Up to 40 charactersH2O
whichWhich listed structure, by id, when several share the formula’s atoms. up to 40 characters. A listed id, e.g. ethanol or dimethyl-ether(empty)
ruleThe structure rule. octet, fewest. octet: the octet rule; fewest: fewest formal chargesoctet
resonanceFor a molecule or ion with resonance structures, whether to draw one of them or all of them in a row joined by ↔. one, allone
formWhich resonance structure to draw, counting from 1. Rounded to a whole number; past the last one draws the last. Used when resonance=one.1 to 991
shapeHow the atoms are placed. flat, shaped. flat: outer atoms on the four sides, as in most textbooks; shaped: hinting at the real shape (bent H₂O)flat
bondStyleHow bonds are drawn. lines, dots. lines: a line per shared pair; dots: two dots per shared pairlines
formalChargesLabels atoms with their formal charges. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
scaffoldHow much of the structure a “complete this” question gives. full, bonds, skeleton. full: the whole structure; bonds: bonds without lone electrons; skeleton: just the atoms placedfull
centralRebuilds a structure made from its formula around another of its elements as the central atom, making a “find the mistake” question. up to 2 characters. An element symbol in the formula, e.g. O in CO2; ignored for listed structures and formulas under 3 atoms(empty)
changesEdits to the correct structure, for a “find the mistake” question. Atoms and bonds are numbered from 0 in the structure’s own order, so these are easiest made on the page and copied with Share link. items joined by dots: bN_O sets bond N to order O (0–3); lN_E gives atom N E lone electrons (0–8); fN_C labels atom N with formal charge C; k_1 or k_0 turns brackets on or off; q_C writes the ion’s charge as C. A negative number is written with m, e.g. f2_m1(empty)
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key under the figure: the full structure under a scaffolded one, the list of mistakes under a changed one. Used when scaffold is not full, or the structure is changed.1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Dot-and-Cross Diagram

Open Dot-and-Cross Diagram →

https://chemistryfigures.com/dot-and-cross

A UK-style dot-and-cross diagram of one covalent molecule, one binary ionic compound, or one atom or ion, from formula: each shell a circle around the element symbol, each electron a dot or a cross by the atom it came from. What formula is decides which of the three is drawn.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • formula is a formula such as H2O, CH4, C2H4, MgCl2 or Al2O3, or one element such as Na, Cl-, Na+ or Mg 2+ (a charge of 2 or more needs a space, ^ or parentheses before it: Mg2+ would be two Mg atoms). URL-encode it: a space is + or %20 and a plus sign is %2B, so Na+ is formula=Na%2B and Mg 2+ is formula=Mg+2%2B. Names also work: water, ethene, magnesium chloride, sodium, chloride ion.
  • A formula with one of the metals Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr or Al is an ionic compound of that metal with one of N, O, F, S, Cl, Br or I. Each ion’s charge comes from its group, and the charges must balance (MgCl is refused; MgCl2 balances). Compounds with polyatomic ions, like NaOH, aren’t drawn.
  • One element alone is its atom, or with its usual charge its ion, from H to Ca (Z 1 to 20). Any other formula is a covalent molecule, drawn when its Lewis structure (octet rule) has every formal charge 0 and no atom past an octet: CO, SO2, O3 and anything needing a dative bond aren’t drawn, nor are polyatomic ions.
  • In a molecule the central atom’s electrons are dots, the outer atoms’ crosses and a third kind of atom’s open circles (open squares for a fourth); two bonded atoms of one element are told apart. In an ionic compound the metal’s electrons are crosses and the non-metal’s dots, so a non-metal’s gained electrons are crosses. An atom’s own electrons are dots and an anion’s gained ones crosses. swap trades dots and crosses.
  • A metal ion shows the full shell it is left with (Na⁺ is a ring of 8 crosses), and a non-metal ion a full outer shell; every ion is drawn in square brackets with its charge.
  • edits changes the figure by hand, for a “find the mistake” question: an electron’s mark changed or taken away, an element symbol left blank, an ion’s charge shown, a blank box or left off. Each edit names its item by its index from 0 in the figure’s own lists of electrons, element symbols and ion charges; the easiest way to write one is to click the figure on the page and copy the address. The indices belong to one formula, which, layout and shells, so a link that changes those should leave edits out; indices the figure doesn’t have are ignored. Electrons edited to dots or crosses are still traded by swap. The answer key still describes the correct diagram, with a line saying the figure was edited.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
formulaThe molecule, ionic compound, atom or ion, as a formula or a name (see notes). up to 40 characters. Up to 40 charactersH2O
whichWhich listed molecule, by id, when several share the formula’s atoms (C2H6O: ethanol or dimethyl-ether). up to 40 characters. A listed id(empty)
shellsWhich shells a molecule or ionic compound shows. outer, all. outer: outer shells only; all: every shell, the inner ones kept clear of the overlapsouter
atomShellsWhich shells an atom or ion on its own shows. outer, all. outer: its outer shell only; all: every shellall
layoutHow an ionic compound’s ions are laid out. auto, every, numbered. auto: every ion up to 3 ions, numbered beyond; every: every ion drawn, the single ion in the middle; numbered: one of each ion with its number in front, as 2[Cl]⁻auto
swapTrades dots and crosses. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
colorDraws each kind of mark in its own color instead of black. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
blankLeaves the electrons off, keeping the circles, symbols and brackets, for students to draw them. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
chargesHow each ion’s charge is shown. show, blank, none. show: written at the top right of its brackets; blank: an empty box there for students; none: left offshow
editsChanges to the figure by hand (see notes), e.g. formula=H2O&edits=e5d makes one H atom’s shared electron a dot. edits joined by underscores, each a letter, the item’s index from 0 and what it becomes: e3x electron 3 a cross (d dot, x cross, o open circle, s open square, n not drawn); s1 symbol 1 left blank; c0b charge 0 a blank box (s shown, b blank, n left off)(empty)
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key under the figure: each atom’s bonding and lone pairs for a molecule; the electrons moved and each ion’s arrangement, like Mg²⁺ 2,8; Cl⁻ 2,8,8, for an ionic compound; the arrangement for an atom or ion. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Orbital Diagram

Open Orbital Diagram →

https://chemistryfigures.com/orbital-diagram

One atom or ion’s ground-state electron configuration drawn as up and down arrows in a square (or line) per orbital, with sublevel labels under them. The atom is z (its atomic number) and charge; the configuration is worked out from them.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • z is the atomic number, 1 to 118: z=26 is iron. charge is the ion’s charge (positive means fewer electrons than protons) and is never more than z.
  • An ion loses its outermost electrons first, as textbooks teach, so Fe²⁺ (z=26&charge=2) is [Ar] 3d⁶, having lost both 4s electrons.
  • rule=real draws exceptions such as Cr ([Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵) and Cu as they really are; rule=filling draws every element as the filling order predicts.
  • changes is URL-encoded JSON for a “which rule is broken?” question: an object from sublevel name to that sublevel’s orbitals, left to right, each one of "" empty, "u" up, "d" down, "ud" pair, "uu" two up, "dd" two down; e.g. {"2p":["ud","u",""]}. The list must have one entry per orbital (s 1, p 3, d 5, f 7) and the sublevel must be drawn (extra can draw up to 3 empty ones past the last filled). Changes that match the ground state are dropped.
  • answerKey prints the species and its ground-state configuration (e.g. “Fe²⁺: [Ar] 3d⁶”) and, for a changed diagram, whether it is an excited state or not allowed and each rule it breaks.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
zThe element’s atomic number. Rounded to a whole number. 1 to 1188
chargeThe ion’s charge; 0 for a neutral atom. Rounded to a whole number. -4 to 80
ruleHow exceptions are drawn. real, filling. real: as they really are; filling: as the filling order predictsreal
orderThe order sublevels are drawn in. filling, shell. filling: the order they fill (4s before 3d); shell: grouped by shell (3d before 4s)filling
coreWrites the noble gas core in brackets, like [Ar], and draws only the orbitals after it. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
arrowsThe electrons’ arrow style. full, half. full: full arrows; half: half arrowsfull
orbitalsHow each orbital is drawn. squares, lines. squares: a square box; lines: a linesquares
arrangementHow the sublevels are laid out. row, energy. row: side by side, wrapping onto more rows; energy: stacked by energy, each sublevel a step higher than the one before it in filling order, with s, p, d and f in their own columns (order then changes only the written configuration)row
symbolThe element symbol (with its charge) beside the diagram. text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawntext
labelsThe sublevel labels (1s, 2p…) under the orbitals. text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawntext
electronsDraws the electrons; 0 draws empty orbitals for students to fill. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
configLineThe written configuration (e.g. 1s² 2s² 2p⁴) under the diagram. text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawnnone
extraHow many more empty sublevels to draw after the last filled one, so electrons can be moved up into them. Rounded to a whole number. 0 to 30
changesThe teacher’s changes to orbitals, as JSON (see notes). JSON, URL-encoded{}
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “O: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Line Spectrum

Open Line Spectrum →

https://chemistryfigures.com/line-spectrum

One or more horizontal strips stacked on one wavelength scale in nm, each an element’s strongest visible lines, lines typed in, or a mixture of the other strips (an unknown for students to identify). The strips list says what each strip is; the rest is how they are drawn.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • strips is a URL-encoded JSON array of 1 to 8 strips, top to bottom, each with a whole-number "id" unique among them: {"type":"element","id":1,"element":"H"}, {"type":"custom","id":2,"name":"Element X","lines":"450, 520.5, 610"} or {"type":"mixture","id":3,"name":"Unknown","of":[1,2]}. Unusable strips are dropped.
  • An element strip is one of H (hydrogen), He (helium), Li (lithium), Na (sodium), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), Ba (barium), Cu (copper), Zn (zinc), Cd (cadmium), Hg (mercury), Ne (neon), Ar (argon), Kr (krypton), drawn with 3 to 8 of its strongest visible lines from the NIST Atomic Spectra Database (neutral atoms, wavelengths in air, to 0.1 nm).
  • A custom strip’s lines are wavelengths in nm (100 to 2000) separated by commas or spaces, at most 30 of them and 200 characters; its name is up to 30 characters.
  • A mixture’s of lists the ids of the element and custom strips in it, and it shows every line of every one of them. Its name (e.g. “Unknown”) is always written; the labels setting affects only element strips.
  • from and to are the ends of the scale in nm, within 380 to 780, shortest wavelength on the left; they are swapped if given the wrong way round and widened to at least 20 nm. Lines outside the scale aren’t drawn.
  • answerKey prints what each mixture is made of (e.g. “Unknown: hydrogen and sodium”) and, with labels=blank, the element strips from the top down.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
stripsThe strips, top to bottom, as JSON (see notes). JSON, URL-encoded[{"type":"element","id":1,"element":"H"},{"type":"element","id":2,"element":"He"},{"type":"element","id":3,"element":"Na"},{"type":"mixture","id":4,"name":"Unknown","of":[1,3]}]
styleHow the spectra are drawn. emission, absorption, print. emission: colored bright lines on black; absorption: dark lines across a continuous rainbow; print: black lines on white, for a black-and-white copieremission
strengthHow bright each line is. uniform, relative. uniform: every line equally bright; relative: as bright as NIST’s relative intensity for that element (roughly)uniform
labelsWhat is written left of each element strip. names, symbols, blank, none. names: the element’s name; symbols: its symbol; blank: a blank line for students; none: nothingnames
fromThe shortest wavelength on the scale, in nm. 380 to 780400
toThe longest wavelength on the scale, in nm. 380 to 780700
ticksThe nm between tick marks on the scale. none, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50. none: no minor ticks10
numbersThe nm between numbered ticks on the scale. 10, 20, 25, 50, 10050
axisWhere the wavelength scale is drawn. bottom, each, none. bottom: once, under the last strip; each: under every strip; none: left offbottom
axisTitleModeWhether the scale has a title under it. Used when axis is not none.text, none. text: the words in axisTitle; none: no titletext
axisTitleThe scale’s title. Used when axisTitleMode=text.up to 60 charactersWavelength (nm)
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Unknown: hydrogen and sodium”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Photoelectron Spectrum

Open Photoelectron Spectrum →

https://chemistryfigures.com/photoelectron-spectrum

One neutral atom’s photoelectron spectrum, as in AP Chemistry: a peak for each sublevel of its ground state, as tall as that sublevel’s electrons, at its binding energy, which falls from left to right. z is the element’s atomic number; compare adds a second element drawn dashed behind it.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • z and compare are atomic numbers, 1 to 54 (hydrogen to xenon): z=11 is sodium. compare=0, or the same as z, draws no second element.
  • Peaks follow the ground-state configuration, exceptions included (Cr is [Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵, Cu [Ar] 4s¹ 3d¹⁰). Energies for H to Ca are the textbook table AP materials quote; Sc to Xe are from Lotz (1970), with a split p or d sublevel drawn as one peak at its electron-weighted average.
  • scale=log spaces the energy axis in powers of ten; scale=broken gives each group of nearby peaks its own linear stretch, with break marks between; scale=linear runs evenly from 0, which crowds the valence peaks together at the right.
  • With names=0 the key and answer key call the elements Element A and Element B (a single element isn’t named anywhere on the figure); answerKey prints each element and its configuration, e.g. “Sodium (Na): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹”.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
zThe element’s atomic number. Rounded to a whole number. 1 to 5411
compareA second element’s atomic number, drawn dashed and gray behind the first; 0 for none. Rounded to a whole number. 0 to 540
unitThe binding energy’s unit. MJ/mol, eV. MJ/mol (megajoules per mole) or eV (electronvolts per electron)MJ/mol
scaleHow the binding energy axis is spaced (see notes). log, broken, linearlog
peaksHow each peak is drawn. peaks, bars. peaks: a narrow smooth peak; bars: a barpeaks
sublevelsThe sublevel labels (1s, 2p…) over the peaks. text, blank, none. text: written; blank: a blank line for students; none: not drawntext
countsWrites each peak’s number of electrons after its sublevel label, like 2p⁶. Used when sublevels=text.1 (on) or 0 (off)0
energiesWrites each peak’s binding energy over it, in unit. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
yNumbersNumbers the relative number of electrons axis, so peak heights can be read. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
gridlinesDraws a light line across at each number of electrons. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
namesNames the elements in the key; 0 hides them for a “which element is this?” question. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
labelSizeHow big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. small, medium, largemedium
titleModeWhether a chart title is drawn across the top of the figure. none, text. none: no title; text: the words in titlenone
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
answerKeyPrints the answer key line under the figure, e.g. “Sodium (Na): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹”. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0

Mass Spectrum

Open Mass Spectrum →

https://chemistryfigures.com/mass-spectrum

One element’s mass spectrum: a bar at each isotope’s mass number (m/z, along the bottom) as tall as its abundance (up the side). The isotopes are an element’s natural ones (source=element) or ones given in isotopes (source=custom).

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • element is a symbol: H to Xe (but not Tc, which has no natural isotopes), Pt, Au, Hg, Pb or U. Abundances are IUPAC’s representative isotopic compositions (CIAAW 2024, or 2009’s single values where 2024 gives only a range); masses are NIST’s (AME2012).
  • isotopes is 1 to 6 mass-abundance pairs joined by underscores, each mass (1 to 300) and % abundance (0 to 100) joined by a hyphen: isotopes=10.013-19.9_11.009-80.1. Each peak sits at its mass rounded to a whole number. Abundances that don’t add up to 100 are averaged as if they did.
  • The relative atomic mass is the average of the exact masses weighted by abundance; it is printed only by answerKey, as is the element when names=0.
  • leaveOut is the m/z of one peak to leave off the figure for students to draw; it must be a peak’s m/z, or it becomes 0. The answer key names it and its abundance.
  • With xFit=1 (the default) the x-axis fits the peaks, a block for each half m/z, and xFrom, xTo and xStep are ignored. The y-axis is as given, 0 to 100 by 10 unless set.
  • The y-axis title follows scale (“Abundance (%)” or “Relative abundance”) unless yTitle gives other words.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
sourceWhere the peaks come from. element, custom. element: an element’s natural isotopes; custom: the isotopes givenelement
elementThe element, by symbol. Used when source=element.H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, UMg
isotopesThe isotopes, lightest or not, as mass-abundance pairs. Used when source=custom.mass-percent pairs joined by underscores, e.g. 10-20_11-80 (1 to 6)10-20_11-80
nameWhat the figure and answer key call the element. Used when source=custom.up to 40 charactersElement X
scaleHow tall each peak is. percent, relative. percent: percent; relative: relative to the tallest (the tallest is 100)percent
abundancesWrites each peak’s abundance over it. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
namesWrites the element’s name over the spectrum; 0 hides it for a “which element is this?” question. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
leaveOutThe m/z of a peak left off for students to draw; 0 for none. 0 to 3000
answerKeyPrints the answer key under the graph: the element and its relative atomic mass, e.g. “Magnesium (Mg): relative atomic mass 24.31”, and the peak left out. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
xFitFits the x-axis to the peaks; 0 uses xFrom, xTo and xStep. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
xFromThe x-axis’s start, in m/z, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). Used when xFit=0.up to 120 characters22
xToThe x-axis’s end, in m/z, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). Used when xFit=0.up to 120 characters28
xStepThe x-axis’s gridline spacing, in m/z, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). Used when xFit=0.up to 120 characters0.5
yFromThe y-axis’s start, in %, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters0
yToThe y-axis’s end, in %, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters100
yStepThe y-axis’s gridline spacing, in %, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters10
xEveryNumber every nth x gridline; 0 leaves the x-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 02
yEveryNumber every nth y gridline; 0 leaves the y-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 01
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
titleModeThe chart title across the top. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingnone
xTitleThe x-axis title’s words. Used when xTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersMass-to-charge ratio (m/z)
xTitleModeThe x-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
yTitleThe y-axis title’s words. Used when yTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersAbundance (%)
yTitleModeThe y-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
xLabelThe letter at the end of the x-axis. Used when xLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersx
xLabelModeWhether the x-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
yLabelThe letter at the end of the y-axis. Used when yLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersy
yLabelModeWhether the y-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
xStartCapHow the x-axis’s left end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
xEndCapHow the x-axis’s right end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yStartCapHow the y-axis’s bottom end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yEndCapHow the y-axis’s top end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
minorMinor gridlines: how many parts each grid block is split into; 0 for none. 0, 2, 4, 50
labelSizeHow big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. small, medium, largemedium

Half-Life Graph

Open Half-Life Graph →

https://chemistryfigures.com/half-life-graph

A graph of how much of a radioactive isotope is left (up the side) against time (along the bottom): N = N₀ · (½)^(t / T½), halving every half-life. Up to three isotopes on one graph (count), each a setup or custom (iso1=custom, with name1, half1 and unit1), told apart by solid, dashed and dotted lines and a key.

Example links

How the parameters fit together

  • Half-lives are from NNDC NuDat 3, rounded to three significant figures, except carbon-14’s: 5,730 years, the textbook value (NuDat 3 gives 5,700 ± 30).
  • Each isotope’s half-life is converted into xUnit, a year being 365.25 days. The axes are not fitted to the isotopes by the link: set xTo and xStep for about five half-lives of the longest, e.g. xTo=30000&xStep=2000 for carbon-14 in years.
  • quantity picks what’s up the side: percent (from 100), fraction (from 1), or the mass in g, number of nuclei or activity, each starting from start. The y-axis title follows quantity (and activityUnit) unless yTitle gives other words; the x-axis title follows xUnit unless xTitle does. The y-axis is not fitted to start either: set yTo and yStep.
  • daughter=1 draws the first isotope’s daughter rising as N₀ − N, dashed, only when count=1, quantity is percent, fraction or nuclei, and the isotope has a stable daughter (or is custom, with daughterName): sr90, rn222, ra226 and k40 have none.
  • guides draws dashed lines at the first isotope’s first 1 to 4 half-lives, from 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% of the starting amount across to its curve and down to the time axis; a line off the grid is left out.
  • names=0 calls the isotopes Isotope A, B and C (alone with its daughter, Parent isotope and Daughter isotope), in the key and the screen-reader label alike, so students identify them from the half-lives they read off.
  • Axis ranges are text holding plain numbers. From xFrom to xTo counting by xStep makes the gridlines, at most 50 blocks per axis; the time axis starts at 0, before which nothing is drawn.

Parameters

ParameterWhat it doesValuesDefault
countHow many isotopes are drawn, 1 to 3. 1 to 31
iso1The first isotope. c14, h3, f18, p32, co60, sr90, tc99m, i131, cs137, rn222, ra226, po210, u238, k40, pu239, am241, x, custom. c14: carbon-14 (5,730 years); h3: hydrogen-3 (12.3 years); f18: fluorine-18 (110 minutes); p32: phosphorus-32 (14.3 days); co60: cobalt-60 (5.27 years); sr90: strontium-90 (28.8 years); tc99m: technetium-99m (6.01 hours); i131: iodine-131 (8.02 days); cs137: cesium-137 (30.1 years); rn222: radon-222 (3.82 days); ra226: radium-226 (1,600 years); po210: polonium-210 (138 days); u238: uranium-238 (4.47 billion years); k40: potassium-40 (1.25 billion years); pu239: plutonium-239 (24,100 years); am241: americium-241 (432 years); x: isotope x (10 years); custom: the name, half-life and unit givenc14
name1The first isotope’s name; empty for “Isotope 1”. Used when iso1=custom.up to 40 characters(empty)
half1The first isotope’s half-life, in unit1. Used when iso1=custom.0.000001 to 100000000000010
unit1The unit of the first isotope’s half-life. Used when iso1=custom.s, min, h, d, y, ky, Gy. s: seconds; min: minutes; h: hours; d: days; y: years; ky: thousand years; Gy: billion yearsy
iso2The second isotope. Used when count=2 or more.c14, h3, f18, p32, co60, sr90, tc99m, i131, cs137, rn222, ra226, po210, u238, k40, pu239, am241, x, custom. c14: carbon-14 (5,730 years); h3: hydrogen-3 (12.3 years); f18: fluorine-18 (110 minutes); p32: phosphorus-32 (14.3 days); co60: cobalt-60 (5.27 years); sr90: strontium-90 (28.8 years); tc99m: technetium-99m (6.01 hours); i131: iodine-131 (8.02 days); cs137: cesium-137 (30.1 years); rn222: radon-222 (3.82 days); ra226: radium-226 (1,600 years); po210: polonium-210 (138 days); u238: uranium-238 (4.47 billion years); k40: potassium-40 (1.25 billion years); pu239: plutonium-239 (24,100 years); am241: americium-241 (432 years); x: isotope x (10 years); custom: the name, half-life and unit givencs137
name2The second isotope’s name; empty for “Isotope 2”. Used when iso2=custom and count=2 or more.up to 40 characters(empty)
half2The second isotope’s half-life, in unit2. Used when iso2=custom and count=2 or more.0.000001 to 100000000000010
unit2The unit of the second isotope’s half-life. Used when iso2=custom and count=2 or more.s, min, h, d, y, ky, Gy. s: seconds; min: minutes; h: hours; d: days; y: years; ky: thousand years; Gy: billion yearsy
iso3The third isotope. Used when count=3 or more.c14, h3, f18, p32, co60, sr90, tc99m, i131, cs137, rn222, ra226, po210, u238, k40, pu239, am241, x, custom. c14: carbon-14 (5,730 years); h3: hydrogen-3 (12.3 years); f18: fluorine-18 (110 minutes); p32: phosphorus-32 (14.3 days); co60: cobalt-60 (5.27 years); sr90: strontium-90 (28.8 years); tc99m: technetium-99m (6.01 hours); i131: iodine-131 (8.02 days); cs137: cesium-137 (30.1 years); rn222: radon-222 (3.82 days); ra226: radium-226 (1,600 years); po210: polonium-210 (138 days); u238: uranium-238 (4.47 billion years); k40: potassium-40 (1.25 billion years); pu239: plutonium-239 (24,100 years); am241: americium-241 (432 years); x: isotope x (10 years); custom: the name, half-life and unit givenco60
name3The third isotope’s name; empty for “Isotope 3”. Used when iso3=custom and count=3 or more.up to 40 characters(empty)
half3The third isotope’s half-life, in unit3. Used when iso3=custom and count=3 or more.0.000001 to 100000000000010
unit3The unit of the third isotope’s half-life. Used when iso3=custom and count=3 or more.s, min, h, d, y, ky, Gy. s: seconds; min: minutes; h: hours; d: days; y: years; ky: thousand years; Gy: billion yearsy
namesWhether the isotopes are named in the key; 0 calls them Isotope A, B and C. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
quantityWhat’s up the side. percent, fraction, mass, nuclei, activity. percent: percent remaining; fraction: fraction remaining; mass: mass in g; nuclei: number of nuclei; activity: activity in Bq or counts per minutepercent
startThe starting mass in g, number of nuclei, or activity. Used when quantity=mass, nuclei or activity.0.001 to 1000000100
activityUnitThe activity’s unit. Used when quantity=activity.Bq, cpm. Bq: becquerels; cpm: counts per minuteBq
xUnitThe time unit along the x-axis. s, min, h, d, y, ky, Gy. s: seconds; min: minutes; h: hours; d: days; y: years; ky: thousand years; Gy: billion yearsy
curveWhether the curves are drawn; 0 leaves only the dots, or an empty grid, for students to plot. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
dotsWhether each curve has a dot at each of its first 6 half-lives, and at the start when it is the only curve. A curve whose half-lives are under 12 drawing units apart on the axis gets none. 1 (on) or 0 (off)0
daughterWhether the first isotope’s stable daughter is drawn, rising as the parent falls. Used when count=1 and quantity=percent, fraction or nuclei.1 (on) or 0 (off)0
daughterNameThe daughter’s name; empty for “Daughter”. Used when iso1=custom and daughter=1.up to 40 characters(empty)
guidesDashed guide lines at the first isotope’s first 1 to 4 half-lives; 0 for none. 0 to 40
guideLabelsWhat’s written by each guide line. Used when guides=1 or more.times, halves, blank, none. times: the time, e.g. 5,730 years; halves: T½, 2T½, 3T½…; blank: a blank line for students; none: nothingtimes
colorWhether the curves are in color (blue, red, green); 0 draws them all in black. 1 (on) or 0 (off)1
xFromThe x-axis’s start, in xUnit, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters0
xToThe x-axis’s end, in xUnit, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters30000
xStepThe x-axis’s gridline spacing, in xUnit, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters2000
yFromThe y-axis’s start, in the quantity’s units, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters0
yToThe y-axis’s end, in the quantity’s units, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters100
yStepThe y-axis’s gridline spacing, in the quantity’s units, written as a plain number (e.g. 0, 2.5). up to 120 characters10
xEveryNumber every nth x gridline; 0 leaves the x-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 02
yEveryNumber every nth y gridline; 0 leaves the y-axis unnumbered. 1, 2, 5, 10, 01
titleThe chart title’s words. Used when titleMode=text.up to 120 characters(empty)
titleModeThe chart title across the top. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingnone
xTitleThe x-axis title’s words. Used when xTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersTime (years)
xTitleModeThe x-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
yTitleThe y-axis title’s words. Used when yTitleMode=text.up to 120 charactersPercent remaining (%)
yTitleModeThe y-axis title. text, blank, none. text: the words given; blank: a blank line for students to write on; none: nothingtext
xLabelThe letter at the end of the x-axis. Used when xLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersx
xLabelModeWhether the x-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
yLabelThe letter at the end of the y-axis. Used when yLabelMode=text.up to 120 charactersy
yLabelModeWhether the y-axis has a letter at its end. text, nonenone
xStartCapHow the x-axis’s left end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
xEndCapHow the x-axis’s right end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yStartCapHow the y-axis’s bottom end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
yEndCapHow the y-axis’s top end is finished. triangle, line, circle, nonenone
minorMinor gridlines: how many parts each grid block is split into; 0 for none. 0, 2, 4, 50
labelSizeHow big the figure’s text is compared to its lines. small, medium, largemedium